![]() ![]() The method produced so-called "critical editions", which provided a reconstructed text accompanied by a " critical apparatus", i.e., footnotes that listed the various manuscript variants available, enabling scholars to gain insight into the entire manuscript tradition and argue about the variants. This method was applied to Classical Studies and to medieval texts as a way to reconstruct the author's original work. Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants. ![]() Since that time, the original principles of textual criticism have been improved and applied to other widely distributed texts such as the Bible. This branch of research arose among ancient scholars in the Greek-speaking world of the 4th century BC, who desired to establish a standard text of popular authors for the purposes of both sound interpretation and secure transmission. ![]() It includes elements of textual criticism, trying to reconstruct an author's original text based on variant copies of manuscripts. ![]() Philology also includes the study of texts and their history. Due to the rapid progress made in understanding sound laws and language change, the "golden age of philology" lasted throughout the 19th century, or "from Giacomo Leopardi and Friedrich Schlegel to Nietzsche". The meaning of "love of learning and literature" was narrowed to "the study of the historical development of languages" ( historical linguistics) in 19th-century usage of the term. The adjective φιλόλογος ( philólogos) meant 'fond of discussion or argument, talkative', in Hellenistic Greek, also implying an excessive (" sophistic") preference of argument over the love of true wisdom, φιλόσοφος ( philósophos).Īs an allegory of literary erudition, philologia appears in fifth-century postclassical literature ( Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii), an idea revived in Late Medieval literature ( Chaucer, Lydgate). The term changed little with the Latin philologia, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie, in the sense of 'love of literature'. The term philology is derived from the Greek φιλολογία ( philología), from the terms φίλος ( phílos) "love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend" and λόγος ( lógos) "word, articulation, reason", describing a love of learning, of literature, as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting the range of activities included under the notion of λόγος. While the contrast continued with the emergence of structuralism and the emphasis of Noam Chomsky on syntax, research in historical linguistics often relies on philological materials and findings. Philology, with its focus on historical development ( diachronic analysis), is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis. Indo-European studies involve the comparative philology of all Indo-European languages. It was eventually resumed by European scholars of the Renaissance, where it was soon joined by philologies of other European ( Germanic, Celtic), Eurasian ( Slavistics, etc.), Asian ( Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese, etc.), and African ( Egyptian, Nubian, etc.) languages. Classical philology principally originated from the Library of Pergamum and the Library of Alexandria around the fourth century BC, continued by Greeks and Romans throughout the Roman/ Byzantine Empire. Ĭlassical philology studies classical languages. In older usage, especially British, philology is more general, covering comparative and historical linguistics. A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a philologist. Philology is also defined as the study of literary texts as well as oral and written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the determination of their meaning. Philology (from Ancient Greek φιλολογία ( philología) 'love of word') is the study of language in oral and written historical sources it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). ![]()
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